Tuesday, January 14, 2014

You Speak a Little Old Norse Every Day



Boat Words
skipper
ship
larboard
starboard
scull (oars or small row boat)

Fighting Words
gate
ransack
die
anger
awe (in the old meaning of fear)
berserk
outlaw
murder
hell
gun
scare
ugly
crawl
knife
hit

SK words 
skin
skill
skirt
scatter
skipper
sky

Peaceable Words
geyser
husband
yard
church
window
Thursday
saga
anything ending in "gate" to mean street  like Ramsgate, UK

Legal Terminology
law
peace
break the law
outlaw
concepts: differentiate manslaughter from murder
flee/flight
conflict resolution by vengeance, arbitration and trials

Grammar Changes  When Old Norse Mingled With  Old  English

1) Verbs were regularized
example: holp and holpen became help and helped
holpen appears in the King James Version of the Bible "He hath holpen his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy"  Luke 1:54  Thanks to the Norsemen, nowadays we can just say "helped"

2) plurals in Anglo-Saxon were regularized because of the influence of Old Norse which had fewer word changes to create plurals.  So now we have yard and (plural) yards   A few irregular plurals still exist from Anglo- Saxon like ox/oxen,  foot/feet.

3)additional vocabulary
English is rich in synonyms because it has adopted "loanwords" from other languages in addition to
existing words,  Thus we have
Old English/Old Norse
rear/raise
carve/cut
craft/skill
hide/skin.

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